A Comprehensive Review on Melatonin Compound and its Functions in Different Fungi and Plants
Rao Saad Rehman *
College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
Mubashar Hussain
College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
Mujahid Ali
Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.
Syed Ali Zafar
Oilseeds Research Institute, Ayub Agricultural Research Institute, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
Asad Nadeem Pasha
Department of Plant Pathology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan.
Hassan Bashir
Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Sub Campus Burewala-Vehari, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Pakistan.
Naveed Ali Ashraf
Department of Seed Science and Technology, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Pakistan.
Abdullah Javed
Department of Seed Science and Technology, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Pakistan.
Waqar Ali Shah
Department of Seed Science and Technology, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Pakistan.
*Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Abstract
This study summarizes the importance of melatonin in different plants and fungi. In this review, we discussed the biosynthetic pathway of melatonin, its metabolites, and its oxidative reduction. Melatonin is a molecule derived from tryptophan, with pleiotropic activity. It is present in nearly every organism. Its synthetic course depends on the organism in which it resides. The tryptophan to the melatonin pathway, for example, varies in plants and animals. It is thought that the synthetic mechanism for melatonin was inherited in eukaryotes from bacteria caused by endosymbiosis. Nevertheless, the synthetic pathways of melatonin in microorganisms are unknown. The metabolism of melatonin is exceptionally complex with these enzymatic processes developed out of cytochrome C. As well as the enzymatic degradation, melatonin is metabolized by interactive pseudoenzymes and free radicals processes.
Keywords: Melatonin, biosynthetic pathway, photoperiodic changes, suprachiasmatic nucleus, reactive oxygen species, heat tolerance